This book delves deep into the crucial aspects of grouted soil and rock anchors, providing a contemporary perspective on the best practices in anchor technology that are directly applicable to the work of consulting engineers, contractors and students in the field.
The book comprehensively covers aspects of anchor design, construction, testing, durability and maintenance, as well as the fundamental characteristics of ground and groundwater aggressivity. It adheres to Eurocode 7 and the main current standards and codes of practice, ensuring the information is up-to-date and reliable. The extensive case histories provide real-world examples of successful projects, demonstrating the importance of proper planning, installation and maintenance.
Grouted Soil and Rock Anchors is written in a clear, accessible style to suit a broad range of readers, from those who are new to the field to experienced engineers.

lgrsnf/Grouted Soil and Rock Anchors.pdf

Taylor & Francis Ltd

Psychology Press Ltd

United Kingdom and Ireland, United Kingdom

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgements
Authors
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Scope
1.2 Historical perspective
1.3 Clarification of terminology and definitions
1.4 The contents of this book
Appendix 1: Conversion factors: approximate conversions from imperial to SI units
Appendix 2: Definitions
A2.1 British/European/Australian standard definitions
A2.2 PTI Committee DC-35 definitions
References
Chapter 2: Site evaluation and the aggressivity of the ground and the groundwater
2.1 Introduction
2.2 The basics of a ground investigation for an anchor project
2.2.1 General comments
2.2.2 Investigations for rock anchors
2.2.3 Investigations for soil anchors
2.3 The Aggressivity of the ground and the groundwater
2.3.1 Level of ground aggressivity towards steel
2.3.2 Rates of corrosion of exposed steel
2.3.3 Corrosion of Steel Tendons within Cement Grout
2.3.4 Aggressivity of ground and groundwater towards cement-based grouts
2.3.4.1 Ground aggressivity towards grout (European Perspective)
2.3.4.2 Anchor environment aggressivity (US perspective)
2.3.4.3 Further miscellaneous observations
2.4 Closing remarks
Notes
References
Chapter 3: The design of grouted anchors
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Review of design responsibilities
3.3 Types of grouted anchors
3.4 Detailed design considerations
3.4.1 Design considerations based on BS8081:2015+A2: 2018 (British Standards Code of Practice for Grouted Anchors)
3.4.1.1 General
3.4.1.2 Anchor tendon design (structural resistance)
3.4.1.3 Designing for load transfer into the ground (geotechnical resistance)
3.4.1.3.1 Guidance on fixed anchor length design
3.4.1.3.2 Ground/grout interface resistance
3.4.1.3.3 Incorporating an efficiency factor when determining RGG;calc
3.4.1.3.4 Design of fixed anchor length in coarse soil
3.4.1.3.5 Design of fixed anchor length in fine soil
3.4.1.3.6 Design of fixed anchor length in rock
3.4.1.3.7 Anchor grout/encapsulation bond
3.4.1.3.8 Encapsulation grout/tendon or anchor grout/tendon bond
3.4.1.4 The location of the fixed anchor zone (overall or external stability)
3.4.1.4.1 Retaining structures in coarse soils
3.4.1.4.2 Retaining structures in fine soils
3.4.1.5 Load transfer into the structure
3.4.1.6 General remarks
3.4.2 Anchor design considerations based on PTI DC35.1-14 (Post-Tensioning Institute Recommendations for Prestressed Rock and Soil Anchors, 2014)
3.4.2.1 Background to US practice
3.4.2.2 Key decisions for the designer to make
3.4.2.3 Design working load and safety factors
3.4.2.4 Design of the bond length
3.4.2.4.1 General principles of geotechnical bond
3.4.2.4.2 Grout-to-steel bond
3.4.2.4.3 Design of the bond zone in rock
3.4.2.4.4 Design of the bond zone in soil
3.4.2.5 Design of the free stressing length
3.4.2.6 Considerations on anchor geometry
3.4.2.6.1 Anchor spacing in the bond zone
3.4.2.6.2 Drill hole diameter
3.4.2.6.3 Overburden depth for soil anchors
3.4.2.6.4 Anchor inclination
3.4.2.7 Miscellaneous tendon components
3.4.2.7.1 Top anchorage
3.4.2.7.2 Spacers and centralisers
3.4.2.8 Overview
3.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
Note
References
Chapter 4: Corrosion and corrosion protection
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Types of corrosion pertinent to anchors
4.2.1 General corrosion
4.2.2 Localised corrosion
4.2.3 Stress corrosion cracking
4.2.4 Bacterial attack
4.2.5 Other corrosion mechanisms pertinent to grouted anchors
4.2.5.1 Corrosion fatigue
4.2.5.2 Fretting corrosion
4.2.5.3 Stray current corrosion
4.3 Corrosion performance of anchors
4.4 Visual classification of corroded bar tendons
4.5 Corrosion protection for grouted anchors
4.5.1 Falling head water test on tendon encapsulations
4.5.2 Cement grout cover as corrosion protection
4.5.3 Influence of cracks in cement grout on corrosion of steel
4.5.4 Loss of cover and corrosion of tensioned steel tendons protected by cement grout in concrete structures
4.5.5 Loss of cover and corrosion of tensioned steel tendons protected by cement grout in grouted anchors
4.6 Examples of corrosion protection systems
4.6.1 General
4.6.2 Tendon bond length
4.6.3 Tendon free length
4.6.4 Anchor head
4.6.4.1 Outer anchor head
4.6.4.2 Inner anchor head
4.6.5 Sheath joints
4.6.6 Centralisers and spacers
4.7 Properties of corrosion-inhibiting compound
4.8 US practice
4.8.1 Basic concepts
4.8.2 The corrosion protection classes
4.8.3 Corrosion protection details
4.9 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 5: Materials and components
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Prestressing steel
5.2.1 PTI (2014)
5.2.1.1 General
5.2.1.2 Strand
5.2.1.3 Bars
5.2.1.4 Epoxy-coated and filled strand
5.2.1.5 Epoxy-coated bar
5.2.1.6 Patching materials
5.2.2 BS 8081 and the Eurocodes
5.2.2.1 General – a perspective on tendon development in the UK/European Union
5.2.2.2 Steel strand
5.2.2.3 Steel bar
5.3 Anchorages (anchor heads)
5.3.1 PTI (2014)
5.3.2 BS 8081 and the Eurocodes
5.4 Couplers
5.4.1 PTI (2014)
5.4.2 BS8081 and the Eurocodes
5.5 Centralisers and spacers
5.5.1 PTI (2014)
5.5.2 BS 8081 and the Eurocodes
5.6 Corrosion-inhibiting compounds
5.6.1 PTI (2014)
5.6.1.1 General
5.6.1.2 Grease
5.6.1.3 Gel
5.6.1.4 Wax
5.6.2 BS 8081 and the Eurocodes
5.7 Plastic tubing
5.7.1 PTI (2014)
5.7.1.1 General
5.7.1.2 Bond breaker
5.7.1.3 Sheath
5.7.1.4 Bond length encapsulation
5.7.2 BS 8081 and the Eurocodes
5.8 Heat shrink sleeves and tapes
5.8.1 PTI (2014)
5.8.1.1 General
5.8.1.2 Heat shrink tapes
5.8.1.3 Petrolatum (wax) tapes
5.8.1.4 Adhesive tapes
5.8.2 BS 8081 and the Eurocodes
5.9 Grout tubes
5.9.1 PTI (2014)
5.9.2 BS 8081 and the Eurocodes
5.10 Grout components
5.10.1 PTI (2014)
5.10.1.1 General
5.10.1.2 Water
5.10.1.3 Portland cement
5.10.1.4 Aggregates
5.10.1.5 Admixtures
5.10.1.6 Supplemental cementitious materials
5.10.2 BS 8081 and the Eurocodes
5.10.2.1 Water
5.10.2.2 Cement
5.10.2.3 Admixtures
5.11 Overview
References
Chapter 6: Construction
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Drilling
6.2.1 Set up
6.2.2 Drill rig selection
6.2.3 Drill method selection
6.2.3.1 Basic considerations
6.2.3.2 Drilling in rock
6.2.3.2.1 Rotary drilling methods
6.2.3.2.2 Rotary percussive drilling methods
6.2.3.3 Drilling in overburden
6.2.3.3.1 The overburden is stable
6.2.3.3.2 The overburden is unstable
6.2.4 Miscellaneous issues related to anchor drilling
6.2.4.1 Borehole deviation
6.2.4.2 The significance of circulation (flush) type and application
6.2.4.3 Measurement while drilling
6.2.4.3.1 Manual monitoring while drilling
6.2.4.3.2 Automated monitoring while drilling
6.2.4.4 Final comments on drilling
6.3 Hole cleaning
6.4 QC related to drilling
6.5 Water pressure testing, pregrouting and redrilling
6.6 Tendon fabrication, storage, handling and transportation
6.7 Tendon placement
6.7.1 QC related to tendon placement
6.8 Grouts used in anchoring
6.8.1 General
6.8.2 Types of anchor grout
6.8.2.1 Neat cement grout
6.8.2.2 Sand–cement grouts
6.8.3 Mixing and pumping consideration
6.8.3.1 General
6.8.3.2 Neat cement grouts
6.8.3.3 Sanded grouts
6.8.4 Quality assurance, quality control and records
6.8.4.1 General
6.8.4.2 Types of grout test programs
6.8.4.3 Preproduction field tests
6.8.4.4 Routine QA/QC during construction
6.8.4.5 Grout test methods
6.8.5 Grouting operations
6.8.5.1 QC related to grouting operations
6.9 QC related to the installation of the anchor head assembly
6.10 Overview and closing remarks
References
Chapter 7: Stressing and load testing
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Stressing equipment
7.3 Basic guidelines for stressing
7.3.1 Stressing period
7.3.2 Stressing precautions
7.3.3 Stressing head block and associated componentry
7.3.4 Monitoring equipment
7.4 Load testing
7.4.1 Introduction
7.4.2 Evolution of anchor testing practice in the UK
7.4.3 BS EN ISO 22477-5: 2018
7.4.4 Additional points pertinent to UK anchor testing practice
7.4.5 Proposed creep rates for the UK National Annex to EC7
7.4.6 Apparent tendon free length
7.5 Anchor testing practice in the USA
7.5.1 PTI DC35.1-14 (2014) acceptance criteria
7.6 Anchor testing practice in Australia
7.7 Real-time testing data analysis and management
References
Chapter 8: Maintenance and long-term monitoring
8.1 Introduction
8.2 External visual inspections
8.3 Intrusive physical inspections
8.3.1 IPIs applied to legacy anchors
8.4 Assessment of anchors subjected to EVIs and IPIs
8.5 Maintenance testing to determine residual load levels
8.5.1 Lift-off testing
8.5.2 Use of instrumentation to monitor service behaviour
8.5.2.1 Load cells
8.5.2.2 Tendon mounted instrumentation
8.5.2.3 Non-destructive testing for load monitoring and integrity checks
8.6 Maintenance testing and inspection to investigate corrosion and assess material composition
8.7 Maintenance options and the application of remediation, repair and replacement
8.8 Maintenance inspection and maintenance testing – extent and frequency
8.9 More on legacy anchors – an international case history and a shared concern
8.9.1 The problem
8.9.2 Key factors in risk evaluation during the risk assessment process
8.10 Overview
References
Chapter 9: Significant case histories
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Burnley Tunnel Remediation – Melbourne, Australia (2000)
9.2.1 Background
9.2.2 Hydrostatic uplift resistance and ground conditions
9.2.3 Implementing proving tests
9.2.4 Production anchor design, construction and testing
9.2.5 Lessons learned
References
9.3 Wadi Abdoun Bridge – Amman, Jordan (2003)
9.3.1 Background
9.3.2 Foundation support and ground conditions
9.3.3 Proving tests
9.3.3.1 Tendon fabrication
9.3.3.2 Grout simulation test
9.3.3.3 On-site suitability tests
9.3.4 Lessons learned
Note
References
9.4 Slope stabilisation at Degendamm – Austria (2009)
9.4.1 Background
9.4.2 Implementing SBMA technology – designing the anchoring solution
9.4.3 Execution
9.4.4 Testing
9.4.5 Lessons learned
Reference
9.5 A5 Glyn Bends – North Wales (2009)
9.5.1 Background
9.5.2 Ground conditions and rock support system
9.5.3 Observed anchor failures
9.5.4 Remedial measures
9.5.5 Lesson learned
References
9.6 Deep excavation support at Kuntsevo Plaza – Moscow, Russia (2011)
9.6.1 General background
9.6.2 Support system and ground conditions
9.6.3 Trial anchor programme
9.6.4 SBMAs – design, fabrication and construction
9.6.5 Observations and salient points derived from anchor trials
9.6.5.1 Test loads
9.6.5.2 Trial anchor performance
9.6.6 Summary and considerations for production anchor works
9.6.6.1 Production anchor performance
9.6.7 Lessons learned
References
9.7 The Rasing of Hazelmere Dam – South Africa (2015–2023)
9.7.1 Background
9.7.2 Support system and ground conditions
9.7.3 Investigation test programme
9.7.3.1 The ‘dress rehearsal’ anchor
9.7.3.2 Production anchors
9.7.3.3 Summary
9.7.4 Unforeseen events
9.7.5 Tendon extension inspections
9.7.6 Anchor head inspections and load monitoring
9.7.7 Lessons learned
References
9.8 Point Marion Lock and Dam, PA (1990–1994)
9.8.1 General background
9.8.2 Scope of the anchor works
9.8.3 Analysis of construction data
9.8.4 Relevance and lessons learned
9.9 Marmet Locks and Dam, WV (2004–2006)
9.9.1 General background
9.9.2 Scope of the anchor works
9.9.3 Analysis of the construction data
9.9.4 Relevance and lessons learned
9.10 Stewart Mountain Dam, AZ (1991)
9.10.1 General background
9.10.2 Scope of the anchor works
9.10.3 Analysis of construction data
9.10.4 Relevance and lessons learned
9.11 Tom Miller Dam, Texas (2003–2004)
9.11.1 General background
9.11.2 Scope of the anchor works
9.11.3 Analysis of the construction data
9.11.4 Relevance and lessons learned
9.12 Gilboa Dam, NY (2005–2006)
9.12.1 General background
9.12.2 Scope of the anchor works
9.12.3 Analysis of construction data
9.12.4 Relevance and lessons learned
9.13 Olmos Dam, TX (2010–2011)
9.13.1 General background
9.13.2 Scope of the anchor works
9.13.3 Analysis of construction data
9.13.4 Relevance and lessons learned
References associated with Sections 9.8–9.13
Chapter 10: Typical applications
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Slope stabilisation
10.3 Surface excavations
10.4 Underground excavations
10.5 Dams
10.6 Bridges
10.7 Tension nets and stadia
10.8 Tall structures
10.9 Maritime structures
10.10 Ground prestressing
10.11 Anchoring against concentrated forces
10.12 Conclusions
References
Index

2025-03-17